CULTURAL CONNECTION BETWEEN U.S. AND BRAZIL
From the lively rhythms of samba in New Orleans to the influence of Hollywood in Rio de Janeiro, the cultural exchange between Brazil and the United States has shaped and enriched both societies for generations. The longstanding relationship between these countries continues to thrive, shaped by a rich history of economic gains and cultural influences. Leading up to World War II, the United States government recognized the need for a cultural exchange with Brazil. In 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Brazil and addressed its Congress, signaling a shift in American policies and inviting Brazil to form a symbolic partnership through the “Good Neighbor Policy.” This policy reflected the United States' desire for Brazil to modernize. With Brazil as a secured ally in the war, the United States saw an opportunity to further its economic interests. The U.S. expanded its cultural influence in Brazil primarily through Hollywood films, which dominated Brazilian theaters from 1928 to 1937, comprising 85 percent of all movies shown. Walt Disney contributed to this cultural exchange by creating José-Zé, a character that symbolized Brazilian life as a samba-loving, cigar-smoking parrot. Carmen Miranda also emerged as an emblematic figure of Brazilian culture abroad. Often adorned with a vibrant arrangement of tropical fruits on her head, she became an international icon, performing popular songs like “O que é que a baiana tem?” (What Does the Baiana Have?) and bringing a stylized Brazilian identity to global audiences. The cultural exchange between Brazil and the United States has left an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of Brazilians. Through the lens of American media, dreams are shaped, aspirations are sparked, and the allure of a life beyond borders is kindled. This pervasive influence does not just entertain—it inspires life-changing decisions, guiding many to embark on the journey to the United States, carrying the promise of a new chapter infused with familiar echoes of American culture.
BRAZILIAN PRESENCE IN THE U.S.
The United States hosts the largest population of Brazilians outside of Brazil, with most residing in states like New York, Massachusetts, Florida, and California. According to Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2007, around 1.2 million Brazilians live in the U.S., though the American Community Survey reported only 346,000. This significant gap is largely due to the estimated 70% of undocumented Brazilians who are underrepresented in official data. Additionally, Brazilian nationality is particularly challenging to classify. For example, in the 2000 census, Brazilians who identified as "Hispanic" and wrote "Brazilian" were excluded from the Hispanic category, as Brazil is not a Spanish-speaking nation.
MIGRATION: BRAZIL AND THE U.S CONNECTION
Historically, Brazil was not a country with high rates of emigration, and significant outflows of its citizens did not begin until the 1980s. Most Brazilian immigrants in the United States have cited economic reasons for their migration, seeking better opportunities and financial stability. The term “economic refugees” has been used to describe these individuals, who are drawn by the promise of higher wages, lower living costs, and an escape from the hyperinflation that plagued Brazil until 1994. Even after inflation was brought under control and prices stabilized, middle- and lower-class Brazilians faced a reduction in purchasing power, losing about a third of their salary’s value on average. Many Brazilians are attracted to the United States by the prospect of earning up to four times what they would make in Brazil doing similar work, enabling them to save significantly more money. This financial incentive is a key driver of Brazilian immigration. Additionally, while more Brazilians are pursuing higher education than ever before, the country’s professional job market has not expanded to meet this growth, leaving many seeking opportunities abroad. Beyond economic motivations, some Brazilians are also drawn to the U.S. to experience the “first-world modernity” glamorized in Brazilian pop culture. The bond between Brazil and the United States stretches far beyond the lines on a map, woven through the threads of foreign policies and cultural exchanges. This connection whispers promises of the American Dream to the hearts of Brazilians, beckoning them to leave behind their homes, families, and familiar shores. They set out with hopes of prosperity and a life adorned with opportunity. Yet, upon arriving, amidst the glittering allure of their new world, a quiet longing often stirs within—a deep ache for the warmth of home, the rhythm of samba, and the embrace of familiar faces left behind.
CALIFORNIA- HOME TO THE MENGÃO
Brazilians have left an indelible mark on California, bringing vibrant elements of their culture to life. From the soulful music of artists like Rogê to the lively samba dance classes at the Brasil Brasil Cultural Center in Culver City, to the rich flavors of Brazilian cuisine at spots like Brazil by the Bay in San Diego, the spirit of Brazil thrives in the Golden State.
In particular, at Brazil by the Bay, the atmosphere comes alive on game days, where the spirit of Flamengo fills the room. The cozy San Diego establishment is draped in red and black; the iconic colors of Clube de Regatas do Flamengo. Flamengo is one of the most beloved soccer teams in Brazil, boasting a fan base of over 40 million supporters. This makes Flamengo not only the most popular team in Brazil but also one of the most widely supported soccer clubs globally. Established in 1895, the club initially focused on rowing before transitioning to soccer. They are often nicknamed "Mengão" or "Urubu" (meaning vulture), reflecting their strong fanbase and competitive spirit.
Vibrant flags wave as the beats of a bateria (Brazilian percussion ensemble) pulse through the air. Members of Califla gather to share in the excitement, laughter, and passion of the game. Califla is a non-profit organization in the United States and an official embassy under Embaixadas e Consulados do Flamengo program (Flamengo Embassies and Consulates). This initiative connects Flamengo’s global fan base, providing spaces where supporters can unite, celebrate, and promote the club's culture.This unique community blends American and Brazilian cultures, embodying both the essence of California and the legacy of Flamengo—hence the name "Califla." Through Califla, Flamenguistas find a space to celebrate their cultural heritage, not just through soccer, but through the shared experiences of community, connection, and tradition. Together, they unite to celebrate their shared love of soccer, creating an energetic atmosphere that bridges two worlds in one unforgettable space. The flags, music, and fervent energy transform Brazil by the Bay into a lively hub for Flamengo supporters, capturing the essence of Rio de Janeiro in San Diego
CALIFLA VOICES
The vibrant tapestry of Califla members is woven with diverse stories that reflect their unique journeys and shared passion for Flamengo. Among them is Cristiano Maltarollo known as Noati, the organization’s president, whose journey mirrors the allure of blending cultures. Arriving in the United States in 2005 to study languages, Noati found himself drawn to the easygoing, sun-soaked lifestyle of San Diego. Inspired by its charm, he returned to pursue an MBA at Southern State University, where his love for Flamengo remained a steadfast anchor. "My father baptized me in the Flamengo pool," Noati, proudly recalls, a sentiment that captures the deep connection his family holds to the club. Flamengo, more than just a soccer powerhouse, is a nurturing ground for a variety of sports, a fact Cristiano embodies. "I played soccer, tennis, swimming, and gymnastics” he shares, reflecting on a childhood steeped in the Flamengo spirit. By the age of 13, Cristiano was already immersed in Flamengo's culture, helping to launch Raça Rubro-Negra Comando Sul, a fan group synonymous with passion and loyalty. It’s no surprise, then, that he played a key role in founding Califla years later, continuing Flamengo’s legacy abroad. To Noati, Califla is more than just a representation of Flamengo—it’s a lifeline to community, a home away from home. It’s a place where Brazilians can gather to feel at ease, connect with one another, and find support in the challenges of living far from their homeland. “For me, one of the reasons I do this is to hold on to my roots,” he says.“It’s hard for an immigrant like me, living here for 20 years, to stay connected to where I came from. You have to do what you love and use it to help the community.”Califla’s roots date back to 2007, when a group of passionate Flamenguistas first came together at Noati’s house in San Diego. The air buzzed with excitement, the aroma of churrasco filled the space, and their shared love for Flamengo forged bonds like family. It was during one of these lively gatherings that Noati crossed paths with Randal Nogueira. At the time, Nogueira was performing at local bars in Pacific Beach, weaving Flamengo chants into his sets and rallying fellow fans to join their budding community. Nogueira’s journey to Flamengo was ignited by his own accord. While his father, a devoted Cruzeiro fan from Minas Gerais, followed a different allegiance, Nogueira discovered his connection to Flamengo through his older brother, who brought him to Maracanã Stadium for the first time. “I heard the fans cheering, saw the red and black smoke, and watched a vulture soaring overhead,” he recalls. “I knew then that Flamengo was my home.” Flamengo is more than just soccer—it’s a symbol of resilience and freedom. “When I was nine years old in Rio de Janeiro, I saw Zico play. That style of game, that attitude—it was pure. There was no social media, no Instagram, no followers. It was just raw hustle, passion, and the will to play, always moving forward, always seeking victory.”Additionally he expressed that Flamengo also embodies motivation and drive, a reminder that if someone else can do it, so can you. It’s a voice that says, “You’re great just as you are.” In 1995, Nogueira came to the United States for a family vacation and felt an immediate connection with San Diego, drawn by the warmth of its people and the cultural similarities it shares with Brazil. “The United States has been an influence around the world. When you're talking about music or about movies, we share a common appreciation,” he reflects. However, settling into life in San Diego was not without challenges. “I miss the way Brazilians live life,” Nogueira admits. “At Califla games, there’s music, singing, passion, and connection—it brings us home.” For both Cristiano and Randal, Flamengo represents more than a shared heritage; it’s a guiding force that shapes their values and fuels their drive to foster a vibrant community. This shared passion culminated in a defining moment for Califla, as it embarked on achieving an official recognition and celebrated Flamengo’s historic triumphs.
On August 19, 2019, Califla earned the distinction of becoming the first Flamengo Consulate in California, officially recognized by Clube de Regatas do Flamengo. This milestone coincided with a historic year for Flamengo—a year that cemented their legacy as one of the greatest teams in football history. In 2019, Flamengo achieved pinnacle success, claiming victory in two major championships: the Brasileirão, and the Libertadores. Brasileirão brings together the top 20 teams to crown the national champion. Winning the Brasileirão grants entry to the Libertadores, South America’s most prestigious club competition, where the best of the continent vies for supremacy and the chance to compete on the global stage. As a club team, not a national squad, Flamengo’s sweeping triumphs marked an extraordinary achievement. The pinnacle of this success was the Libertadores final, held in Lima, Peru, where Flamengo faced Argentina’s River Plate. It was a match of high drama and legendary proportions. River Plate led 1-0 as the minutes dwindled, and among the 100-200 passionate fans gathered outdoors at Brazil by the Bay in California, a sense of despair loomed. Then, in the 86th minute, Gabigol delivered a stunning equalizer, igniting hope. Just moments later, he struck again, turning despair into euphoria with a 2-1 victory that secured Flamengo’s title as South American champions. It was a comeback for the ages and a crowning moment in a year that Flamengo and its fans will cherish forever.
The Director of Social Work, Paulo Roberto Da Silva—Paulão—shares his vivid memories of that unforgettable day: “We were crying, and we closed the street down by the arena at Brazil by the Bay. Cars couldn’t go by, and we had the drums, the flags, and the black and red smoke. It was crazy.” Growing up in Rio, Paulão developed a deep love for Flamengo’s red and black colors and their legendary icon, Zico. For him, Califla is more than a fan club; it’s “soccer terapia—therapy. It’s a place where people have a common collective goal. We call it the Califla family. Here, there’s something deeper than just liking Flamengo. We dress alike. The purpose is alike. There’s a connection, and there’s also a commitment to grow and maintain it because not everyone sees eye to eye. Califla represents therapy, cohesiveness, and family when it comes to futebol.” As Director of Social Work, Paulão plays a key role in the group’s efforts to serve the community.
To gain official recognition as a consulate or embassy, fan clubs must follow the Embaixadas e Consulados do Naçãosocial calendar, participating in monthly themes such as November’s blood donations and December’s Natal Solidário, a campaign dedicated to spreading Christmas joy. Every December, Califla partners with the Allan Kardec Fellowship Society of San Diego, crossing the Mexican and U.S. border to deliver school materials, toys, and smiles to children for Christmas. Through these initiatives, the group transforms its passion for Flamengo into a driving force for good, showing that their love for the club extends far beyond the pitch.
Califla serves as a vibrant bridge between Brazilian heritage and its adopted home in San Diego, fostering a rich cultural exchange and creating a lasting social impact. The club warmly welcomes everyone, from local residents to visiting fans, while also striving to engage American audiences. Maile Aguerre, a creative force originally from Hawaii, discovered Flamengo at sixteen through the first Brazilian surfers to go to Hawaii. This pivotal experience sparked her deep curiosity about Brazilian culture and inspired her to study abroad in Brazil, where she learned Portuguese and immersed herself in the country’s vibrant artistic traditions. After settling in San Diego, Maile’s passion for Brazilian culture flourished. She led a Samba School, which later merged with the Super Sonic Samba School, further honing her skills in Brazilian percussion. Initially, Maile faced the challenge of earning acceptance within the Brazilian community, but through her dedication and artistry, she broke down barriers and built lasting trust. Joining Califla was a natural extension of her journey, offering her a deeper connection to her adopted cultural family. Reflecting on her unique place within Califla, Malie shares, “Playing with Califla is unmatched—there’s an undeniable vibe and rhythm that only Brazilians bring. They’ve embraced me as one of their own, and even though I now live in Brazil, I feel deeply connected and loved by them.” Malie’s journey exemplifies how Califla embraces all community members, celebrating diverse backgrounds and demonstrating how cultural expression can foster belonging and transcend borders. This inclusive spirit also drives Califla’s efforts to expand its reach and engage American audiences, creating a vibrant fusion of cultures that resonates far beyond the local Brazilian community.
To further this mission, Califla is in the process of establishing partnerships with San Diego Football Club (SDFC) and Los Angeles Football Club (LAFC). Once formalized, these collaborations will feature Califla’s bateria performing live at SDFC games, introducing the dynamic rhythms of Brazilian percussion to soccer fans and enriching the game-day experience. “Flamengo is a spirit, beyond frontiers,” says Nogueira. “It’s about resilience, pushing forward, and embodying the fight to survive and win.” Moreover, Califla is working toward creating opportunities for underprivileged children from Rio de Janeiro to play soccer for SDFC or LAFC. These initiatives reflect Califla’s commitment to cultural exchange while strengthening its connection to the San Diego community and its Brazilian roots, blending passion, purpose, and opportunity into a unified vision.
In recent years, Califla has blossomed from a small gathering of fans into a thriving community that spans across California. Flamengo’s triumphant 2019 season reignited the passion of Flamenguistas statewide, greatly amplifying Califla’s presence. Following this success, Califla gained official recognition as an Embassy in 2020. Fans from San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Orange County began to connect, and Cristiano shared a successful strategy of partnering with local restaurants to create spaces for watching Flamengo games. This collaborative effort helped expand Flamengo communities in other cities, replicating the San Diego model. Since then, Califla’s membership has continued to grow.
Among the newest Califla members is Mayara Andrade, a San Francisco resident who first encountered the group while vacationing in San Diego. Originally a Cruzeiro fan from Minas Gerais, Andrade was convinced by her husband—a devoted Flamengo supporter—to switch allegiances. She recalls, “My husband told me that I am a Flamengo fan now. At first, I just went along with it, but when we traveled to Peru for the Libertadores final with the Califla group, I felt the emotion and love. All the fans were cheering so loudly. It was so emotional because it had been years since Flamengo won the Libertadores. In that moment, my heart said, ‘Okay, you are Flamengo for real now.” That transformative experience bonded her with the Califla family. This tight-knit group embodies a shared love for the team while fostering a culture of solidarity and mutual support. Andrade’s involvement goes beyond cheering at matches—she is passionate about their bone marrow donation campaign. “It’s so easy to register as a donor here,” she explains. “Recently, we heard from someone who signed up through our campaign, matched with a recipient, and saved a life through a transplant. That news filled us with joy and reinforced our commitment to this cause.” Andrade’s dedication underscores Califla’s evolution into a community focused on more than just futebol. The group has become a powerful force for good, with members working together to support those in need. Most recently, Andrade spearheaded a fundraising campaign for a six-year-old boy battling leukemia. “We held a raffle with six prizes to help his family with the mounting medical bills. That little boy endured two bone marrow transplants and chemotherapy. This past Christmas, he was finally out of the hospital, celebrating life like any kid should. Seeing him play and attend birthday parties felt so special. It reminded us how even small efforts can bring enormous hope.” As Califla grows across California, from beachside gatherings in Los Angeles to community events in Northern California, its members prove that the love for Flamengo is a bridge to deeper connections. Through Mayara and others, Califla demonstrates that shared passions can inspire acts of kindness that ripple far beyond the field, creating a legacy of unity, love, and service.
For some members being Flamengo isn’t just about winning—it’s about resilience. It’s about believing even when the odds are stacked against you, about holding on to hope when the club is struggling. Flamengo fans know that victory is never guaranteed, but the passion, the spirit, and the love for the team never fade. For Felipe Romaneli, better known as Felipão, being Flamengo wasn’t just about cheering for a club—it was something inherited, something lived. “My whole family, my mom—they weren’t fanatics, but they were Flamengo. They cheered, they supported, they held Flamengo close.” But it was in the stadium, surrounded by thousands of voices, that his passion truly ignited. “I think I started going to games by myself about 16 years ago. That’s when I really felt it—the love, the passion, the atmosphere.” But being Flamengo wasn’t always easy. “When I was growing up, Flamengo was not one of the best clubs. The club wasn’t structured or financially stable like it is today. There was a lot of suffering to be a Flamengo. When we won a tournament, it was difficult. It wasn’t always easy, and then when we won, that was so satisfying. Everybody had that thing—like, it was never easy to be a Flamengo, but people never gave up that feeling, that love to cheer for the club. We knew the situation with Flamengo wasn’t the best—but we always had that hope that the team, the spirit, the passion to be a Flamengo fan was greater, bigger than the adversities.” And that spirit—of resilience, unwavering passion, and faith despite adversity—was something Felipe carried with him beyond the stadium. It became part of him, guiding him even when life took him far from home.
In April of 2000, Felipe embarked on a courageous journey, leaving Brazil for the United States with the hope of learning a new language. But what he found was much more than that. “I wanted to have a new experience, to learn English, you know? To challenge myself and see something different from Brazil.” That challenge led him to San Diego—a city he never expected to fall in love with. “For me, it’s the best city I could have ever landed in. I was able to stay here because it’s a really good city and the lifestyle- the surfing culture.” Yet, living in California does not come without challenges. He shared that the language barrier, adapting to a different culture, and the financial aspects of supporting oneself in a new country were not easy. Navigating work, connecting with Americans, and understanding the local customs were all hurdles he had to overcome. Yet, much like Flamengo’s struggles, his drive never wavered. No matter the adversity, he pushed forward. “San Diego is my second home. It’s never going to be my first, but it’s my home away from home.” Yet, like many immigrants, he carries a deep longing for the place he left behind. The Portuguese word saudade—a feeling of nostalgia, of missing something deeply—captures it perfectly. “I miss Brazil all the time. When I come back here, I don’t feel good. I feel like a piece of me is missing.”
The longing for home is an invisible thread that ties immigrants to their roots, no matter how far they travel. This connection is more than just nostalgia—it’s about recreating a piece of Brazil wherever Felipe is, easing the ache of saudade. He bridges the gap by staying connected to his language, traditions, and family. Yet, nothing brings him closer to home than Califla, where the spirit of Flamengo thrives beyond borders. For him, Califla’s mission is simple yet powerful: "Califla brings Flamengo close to you. The way we sing, the way we gather—for two hours, you feel like you could be in Brazil. If you’re watching in a Brazilian restaurant, you’re going to eat the food you grew up with. You’re going to speak Portuguese. You’re going to cheer for your team and sing the same chants we sang back home. In my view, Califla brings Brazil here, Flamengo here."
That sense of belonging is what makes Califla so special. Some of Felipe’s fondest memories come from the moments when the community came together in full force. “Seeing people come together, preparing the event before and celebrating after—it’s an incredible feeling. There’s about 10-20 people preparing the whole event with music and everything before and after. You feel like a part of something.” Flamengo is more than a club—it’s a shared identity, a connection that bridges cultures and distances. Califla is proof that passion knows no borders. Through the chants, the drumbeats of the bateria, and the camaraderie of fellow fans, the members of Califla has found a way to keep Flamengo alive in California. Each match, each gathering, strengthens that bond, reminding him and others that no matter where life takes them, they will always have a place where they belong. "I want people to know that I’m passionate about Flamengo, about Califla, about the chants, the bateria, and the connections we build. Even if we’ve never met, if you’re a Flamengo fan, we already share something special. Califla keeps growing, bringing Flamengo to everyone and creating a space that feels like home—even from miles away."
My first gathering with Califla was a transformative experience that I’ll never forget. From the moment I walked in, the energy was unmistakable, and it felt like the rhythm of the drums was syncing with my own heartbeat. Each chant was full of so much passion that it left a lasting impression. It wasn’t just about watching Flamengo play—it was about being a part of something bigger. A shared experience, a collective heartbeat of devotion that brought all of us together. Standing there, singing alongside everyone, I could feel the pulse of Flamengo reverberating through the space, even though it was thousands of miles away from Brazil.
I was welcomed with open arms by so many, and their devotion was truly enchanting. The unity and passion in the air were so strong that it felt like I had found something more than just a place to watch a game. I realized that being part of Califla was about much more than supporting a team; it was about being part of a community that shares something deeply meaningful. The warmth and energy were contagious, and I could feel it. Califla is a movement, a living testament to the power of passion and community. It’s a space where individuals connect to their cultural roots, share new experiences, and express love, joy, and excitement. Strangers become family, united by a devotion. It reminds us that in this vast, diverse world, home is not a place—it is the people we share our passions, our challenges, and our hopes with which.
Work Citation
• Brown University Library. "Media Representations in the U.S." Five Centuries of Change, Brown University Library, www.library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-5/media-representations-in-us/. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.
• Migration Policy Institute. "Brazilian Immigrants in the United States." Migration Policy Institute, 6 Mar. 2020, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/brazilian-immigrants-united-states. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.
• Brown University Library. "Brazilians in the U.S." Five Centuries of Change, Brown University Library, www.library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-9/brazilians-in-the-u-s/. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.
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The opinions expressed in this blog post represent the views of the author and not of the UCLA Latin American Institute.